Preheat Oven & Prepare Pan: Arrange a rack in the middle of the oven and preheat to 350℉. Line an 8 x 8-inch baking pan with tinfoil and brush with butter.
Mix Dry Ingredients: In a medium bowl, sift together the flour, baking powder, cinnamon, nutmeg, cardamom (if using), and salt. Set aside.
Cream Butter & Sugar: In a stand mixer fitted with the paddle attachment, beat the softened butter and sugar on medium speed for about 5 minutes, until light and fluffy. Add lemon zest and mix for another 2–3 minutes.
Add Eggs & Vanilla: Reduce the mixer speed to low and beat in the eggs, one at a time, followed by the egg yolks and vanilla extract. Mix until smooth.
Add Dry Ingredients & Sour Cream: Gradually add half of the flour mixture and beat until just combined. Scrape the bowl, then add the sour cream and the remaining dry ingredients. Mix until smooth and combined.
Fold in Blueberries: Gently fold in ½ cup of the blueberries into the batter.
Spread Batter in Pan: Transfer the batter to the prepared pan, using a rubber spatula to spread it evenly. Top with the remaining 1 ½ cups of blueberries.